Earl Grey’s Irish Famine Orphans (3): Organization cont.

ORGANIZATION OF THE EARL GREY SCHEME (2)

There may always be some spillage ‘twixt cup and lip, a difference between plan and practicality. Still, may I suggest the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners’ Memorandum for the emigration of female orphans from Irish workhouses to Australia is of crucial importance to any understanding of the Earl Grey scheme? The Report is well thought out, well set out, and comprehensive. If I may return to it (see my second post), I can illustrate this assertion further. Later, I’ll look more closely at the ways Irish Boards of Guardians met the requirements the Commissioners asked of them; viz. providing the ‘Out-Fit’ asked for, and arranging the orphans’ conveyance to Plymouth, their port of embarkation for Port Jackson (Sydney), Port Phillip (Melbourne) or Port Adelaide. That should help us appreciate the practical difficulties they faced.

6. The Governor will be directed on the arrival of these Emigrants in the Colony to make such arrangements in regard to their employment as may be most to their benefit, according to their age and circumstances.

7. Every pains will be taken to find the Emigrants respectable Employers– when their age and circumstances render it fitting, they will be bound Apprentices, under Laws which are in force in the Colonies. It will be stipulated that fair wages shall be paid by the Employers, according to the current rate prevailing in the district; and after deducting such portion as may be required to pay for clothes, and other current expenses, the remainder of their wages will be reserved, to be given to them at the expiration of the Contract, or…at their marriage, provided it be approved by the Government, or by the Committee appointed to act on its behalf. Power will be retained of forfeiting the reserved wages of any of the Children who may abscond, or whose indentures may be cancelled for misconduct. The New South Wales Legislative Assembly’s “Report of the Select Committee on Irish female Immigrants”, Sydney 1859, will tell us how this worked out in practice, when (or if) I get that far.

8. The Governors of New South Wales and South Australia, will be directed to appoint a Committee in each Colony, at which they will request the cooperation of the Bishop of Australia and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, and in South Australia, of the Bishop of Adelaide and the Roman Catholic Bishop, to see that these stipulations are duly observed by the Employers… This might appear to be wishful thinking i.e. giving such Committees powers which  in practice they could never police to the full. How could they once the young women went into the hinterland? But they nonetheless went to great lengths to make it work. In a Despatch (Earl Grey to Sir C. A. Fitzroy, Governor of New South Wales, 28 February 1848, even before the Irish Government approved the scheme) Grey expressed his hope that not only prelates of the Anglican and Catholic churches would consent to serve on the Committee “but also some of the leading clergymen of the other denominations”. In addition, he suggested the Committee ask for applications for servants from “the most respectable persons in different parts of the colony”, things which did indeed occur. But more of this at a later date.

10. This Emigration will be watched with the utmost interest by all who are concerned in the Colonies to which it is to be directed; and upon the manner in which it is conducted will depend the power of the Government to encourage its continuance.

The Colonists are desirous of adding to their body, not the idle and worthless, but those whose education and moral and religious training afford a reasonable guarantee that they will become active and useful members of a Society which is in a state of healthy progress; and it will therefore be imperative on the Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners to select those young persons whose education has been attended to, and of whose conduct they receive a satisfactory report from the competent authorities. This is a clear statement of the social engineering in which the Imperial authorities were engaged. Yet a 21st century reader will wonder why the word ‘famine’ never appears anywhere in this document or why there seems to be no real understanding of what was happening inside Irish workhouses. Was it more than a spillage twixt cup and lip?

By the end of  March 1848, the Irish ‘government’ had given assent to the scheme. Irish Poor Law Commissioners had identified sixty-eight workhouses and another twenty-three possibles with potential emigrants in the places they’d been advised to look, that is, in the “better regulated” workhouses. In a fine example of government delegating authority, Lord Grey decided the CLEC would communicate directly with Boards of Guardians of Irish workhouses. The Commissioners themselves would be responsible for appointing Matrons and Surgeons to the ships that would carry orphans to Australia. In theory, it was just a question of queuing up until you were called to go.

In practice, things would move more slowly: the Earl Grey female orphan emigration scheme was only one of the many things confronting Irish workhouses. Death, and disease, maintaining discipline and tending the sick, feeding the inmates, making them work, and managing finances were just some of the others. It took time to find out who was willing to emigrate and to arrange for their inspection by Emigration agents. It took time to put out tenders and decide who would supply shoes, clothes and boxes for the orphans. It took time to gather small groups together and arrange travel, by cart or rail or Bianconi coach, to an Irish port and thence by steamer to Plymouth. And one would never know when another crisis would occur; ‘the young women chosen cannot go just yet, cholera has taken hold in the workhouse‘ (Kells BGMB 1849). The matron of the workhouse has absconded with the clothes for the ‘girls’. Fortunately, many of the Board of Guardian Minute Books for workhouses that sent female orphans to Australia have survived for the appropriate period. From these, we see something of the scheme in action. Let me give some examples.

Presumably. when Poor Law Commissioners were directed to focus on ‘better regulated’ workhouses, it was to improve the scheme’s chance of success. That, however, did not ensure uniformity of practice either from workhouse to workhouse or as time went by. Some, such as Clonmel and  Cashel were sticklers about the selection process. There had to be medical certificates and testimonials for each of the young women. Others such as Poor Law Commissioner Edward Senior could write this was a chance to get rid of some of the ‘permanent deadweight‘ from Northern Unions. [Is minic a ghearr teanga duine a scornach /It’s often a person’s tongue/language cuts his throat. Or Ní thuigeann an sách an seang/The well fed does not understand the lean]. (I wonder if this Edward Senior was related to Nassau Senior. Does anyone know?) Yet Senior made sure he was seen to choose Belfast orphans very carefully indeed, interviewing each one, asking if they could read, what work they had done, did they have character references? (See Richard Reid’s excellent study of assisted emigration to Australia, Farewell My Children, Anchor Books, 2011, p.143). In March 1848 Senior ‘strongly advocated keeping emigrants from the North of Ireland together‘ and even asked for a ship to be sent from Belfast. The latter was refused. Belfast, like Clonmel and Cashel, was a well-regulated workhouse. The Belfast Board was even prepared “to provide temporary accommodation for the emigrants who may be sent to Belfast from the other Northern Unions until they can be embarked” and “to provide a medical inspecting officer other than the medical officer of the workhouse“. On the 17th May, 1848, they used a vacant building to accommodate emigrants from Antrim, Armagh, Ballymena,  Banbridge. Cookstown, Downpatrick, Dungannon, Lisburn and Newtownards.

[Incidentally, in the light of the ‘scandal’ that was to occur later, the minutes of the Belfast Board of Guardians reported that a number of cases of syphilis were admitted to the workhouse in the very week the first ‘Earl Grey’ orphans were due to depart. It’s not hard to imagine boisterous young women, excited and maybe fearful, teasing each other about having syphilis. Syphilis was still in the workhouse eight months later for ten year old Maria Walker was reported in the list of deaths having been admitted  “in a very weak state from gangrenous sloughing of the genital organs“. She had slept in the same bed as the 16 year old son of the person with whom she lived: the boy had syphilis. In the next month, cholera struck.]

WORKHOUSE PLAN–BIRD’S EYE VIEW

In the relevant Board of Guardian Minute Books there is usually reference to how the female emigrants were selected. Sometimes it is only a sentence or two, sometimes there are extensive entries about the ‘girls” medical examination, and the arrangements for providing them with outfits and conveying them to England. Thus, prospective emigrants from Clogheen workhouse in Tipperary were examined on three occasions by Lieutenant Henry and by the Medical Officer William Malcomson who “found them perfectly healthy and able to undertake a long sea voyage”. A week earlier, the Clerk at Clogheen was “directed to purchase from Mr Hackett, stationer, Clonmel, 26 prayer books and 26 Bibles (Douai) for the females proposed for emigration…”. The names of 28 young women from Clonmel are noted in April 1849, “the six marked with an asterisk had had smallpox. The rest were vaccinated, signed Thomas Scully, Medical Officer”. Just a month later the Clonmel guardians resolved that 100 copies of the following  notice be posted,

“The Board of Guardians wish to intimate to the inmates of the workhouse that it is not intended that any more orphans should be sent to Australia this year and that should it be determined to send others they will be strictly selected from those who have been in the house for the last three years without ever having left it during that time and who are likewise without father or mother.

The Board gives this notice as there is reason to think that many young females have lately come to the house in the expectation of being sent  to Australia and in consequence may be induced to neglect opportunities which the present and approaching season may afford them of getting places and employment in this country.“

On 6  July 1848 recorded in the minute book at Magherafelt was the following,

“The young girls selected by Lieutenant Henry, at the request of the Board appeared before them in their new dresses. The Board being well satisfied with their clean and healthy appearance.

The chairman stated to them from information he had received, they were going to a fine and healthy climate,  he had no doubt they would do well, and hoped they all would be most particular in their conduct. That they should write Mrs Carse (the Matron) sometime after their arrival, give a description of the country, and how they liked it, that they should not be forgetful of Mrs Carse who had been so very attentive preparing their dresses, which were highly creditable to her.”

A pity those letters  have not survived (as far as we know).

Enniskillen Workhouse which was to send a considerable number of young women to Australia was in such a sorry and dirty state in 1846 and 1847 that the Board of Guardians was dismissed. In 1848 Vice Guardians were appointed to set the administration of the workhouse on an regular footing. Perhaps this was one of the reasons Enniskillen so willingly took up the offer of a free passage to Australia for so many of its adolescent female inmates?  Nonetheless, in November 1849 they received a bill  for 4s 6d from the Emigration Officer at Plymouth; some of the females’ outfits were ‘deficient’. They were short of ‘blacking’. Even a newly reformed Enniskillen could fail to provide everything that was required of them.

The most expensive part of the scheme was providing outfits and passage to Plymouth. Such expense must have been a burden for even large Poor Law Unions,  for all  of them, really, were  already reeling under other commitments. Let’s have a closer look at some of the expenses.

Cashel Poor Law Union 

3 January 1849 “Resolved that the tender of John O’Brien be accepted for the supply of 100 pairs of women’s shoes of the required sizes equal in quality and workmanship to the sample lodged with the Clerk of the Union at 4 shillings a pair.”

The Matron of the workhouse presented her estimate for clothes for 60 emigrants and the items were put out to tender. By 10 February the guardians accepted tenders for a very long list of items, 30 boxes at six pounds seven and sixpence from Timothy Divane; woollen plaid, printed calico, Orleans for aprons, handkerchiefs, woollen shawls, mitts, gloves, whalebone, ribbon, cotton tape, grey and black twilled calico, brown satin, fancy satin, lace, hooks and eyes from Henry Welpley; towelling, grey Angola, black and white calico, cotten(sic) for aprons, cotten for wrappers, cotten for dresses, plaid and linen for cloaks and dresses, shawls, hooks and eyes from Thomas Molony, all costing a handsome sum of money.

Clogheen Poor Law Union

In June 1849 the Guardians resolved that the Matron of the workhouse bring before the  Board “a requisition containing the articles required for that portion of their [emigrants] outfit which can be made under her superintendence in the workhouse.”

July 1849  Resolved to ask the superintendent of Dublin Railway station  if 26 orphans could be allowed to travel second class at a third class fare.

Resolved the Clerk of the workhouse to ask Mr Bianconi how much he would charge to take 26 young women and their chaperone along with 26 boxes 2′ long x 14″high x 14″wide from Clogheen workhouse to the Dundrum Gold’s Cross railroad station on 18th July in time for the day mail train to Dublin.

Dunshaughlin Union

23 June 1849 having looked into contracts for the outfit for the emigrants it was resolved that Mrs Morrissey would supply cloaks, woollen plaid for dresses, orleans for dresses, shawls, neckhandkerchiefs, pocket handkerchiefs, stays, white cotton stockings, worsted stocking, woollen mitts, linen collars, printed calico for gowns, ginghams for wrappers, bonnets and caps and Mr Gaffney would provide white calico, towels, combs, brushes and prayer books. I’m sure we can picture what the young women looked like, dressed in clothes the likes of which they probably never owned before.

Londonderry Board of Guardian Minute Book (BG/21/A/5)

22 September 1849 The clerk is ordered to ‘ascertain the best and most economical way’ of sending orphans to Dublin.

Coleraine Board of Guardian Minute Book (BGX/A/7)

6 October 1849 The Master reported “that he proceeded to Belfast on the 4th inst with the female emigrants to Australia who were there inspected by Edward Senior Esq and forwarded to Dublin in charge of Mr Steen to whom he handed over the passage money amounting to eight pounds four shillings, being one pound and six pence each.”

All this, I hope,  gives us some idea of what was involved in getting the young women to the port of embarkation in England. The logistics, as you can see, were far from simple. In December 1848, the CLEC replied to the Lords Justices in Ireland explaining the apparent delay in getting the female orphan scheme underway (see the quotation at the  beginning of my second post). In their answer, the Commissioners used some of the things mentioned above but they added something more. It was always their plan for the year, they said,  to send  ‘about 14,000 emigrants from the United Kingdom with a proportionate emigration from Ireland at 4,000’. It was ‘never contemplated taking the Irish emigrants exclusively from the female orphans in the workhouses but proposed to take about 2,500 of that class and the rest from the ordinary agricultural population’.  Moreover, after the Roman Emperor was dispatched to South Australia in July, “so strong a representation was made to the Colonial Office by persons in this country interested in the Colony against sending Emigrants of this description to South Australia that we thought ourselves bound to abstain from sending any more of them to that colony, until we should receive intelligence as to the manner in which the first body was received“. The politics associated with the scheme were never far away.

By the time the scheme was brought to an end in 1850, just over 600 females orphans would travel to South Australia, another 2,200 to Sydney and nearly 1,300 to Port Phillip.

Where to next? Dare I talk about the young women themselves? Eat a Peach? Wear my trousers rolled? Maybe a little break is called for. My very best wishes for the ‘gathering’ in Sydney on Sunday 31 August.